Ill Strike You Down and Then Ill Strike You Down Again

Piece of work stoppage acquired past the mass refusal of employees to work

"Proceed strike" redirects here. For the song past Lower Than Atlantis, see Changing Tune.

Strike action, also called labor strike, labour strike, or merely strike, is a work stoppage, caused past the mass refusal of employees to work. A strike ordinarily takes place in response to employee grievances. Strikes became common during the Industrial Revolution, when mass labor became important in factories and mines. In near countries, strike actions were quickly made illegal,^{[ commendation needed ]} as factory owners had far more power than workers. Most Western countries partially legalized hit in the tardily 19th or early 20th centuries.

Strikes are sometimes used to pressure governments to alter policies. Occasionally, strikes destabilize the rule of a particular political party or ruler; in such cases, strikes are often part of a broader social motility taking the form of a entrada of civil resistance. Notable examples are the 1980 Gdańsk Shipyard, and the 1981 Warning Strike, led by Lech Wałęsa. These strikes were meaning in the long campaign of civil resistance for political change in Poland, and were an important mobilizing effort that contributed to the fall of the Iron Curtain and the end of communist party rule in eastern Europe.^[1]

History [edit]

Statistics [edit]

This nautical chart using information from Nation Master displays that average number of days not worked during a v-year catamenia for every 1000 employees.

State	Number of Days Not worked	Year
Denmark	296	2000
Iceland	244	2000
Canada	217	2000
Kingdom of spain	189	2000
Norway	135	2000
South Korea	95	2000
Republic of ireland	xc	2000
Commonwealth of australia	86	2000
Italy	76	2000
France	67	2000

Etymology [edit]

The use of the English give-and-take "strike" to describe a piece of work protest was first seen in 1768, when sailors, in support of demonstrations in London, "struck" or removed the topgallant sails of merchant ships at port, thus crippling the ships.^{[2] [3] [four]} Official publications have typically used the more neutral words "piece of work stoppage" or "industrial dispute".

Pre-industrial strikes [edit]

The offset historically certain account of strike action was towards the terminate of the 20th dynasty, under Pharaoh Ramses III in ancient Egypt on 14 Nov in 1152 BC. The artisans of the Royal Necropolis at Deir el-Medina walked off their jobs because they had not been paid.^{[5] [half dozen]} The Egyptian authorities raised the wages.

The starting time Jewish source for the idea of a labor strike appears in the Talmud, which describes that the bakers who prepared showbread for the altar went on strike.^[7]

An early predecessor of the general strike may accept been the secessio plebis in aboriginal Rome. In The Outline of History, H. Yard. Wells characterized this event as "the general strike of the plebeians; the plebeians seem to accept invented the strike, which now makes its first appearance in history."^[8] Their first strike occurred considering they "saw with indignation their friends, who had often served the country bravely in the legions, thrown into bondage and reduced to slavery at the demand of patrician creditors".^[eight]

During and after the Industrial Revolution [edit]

Agitated workers face the factory owner in The Strike, painted by Robert Koehler in 1886

The strike activity only became a feature of the political landscape with the onset of the Industrial Revolution. For the first fourth dimension in history, large numbers of people were members of the industrial working grade; they lived in cities and exchanged their labor for payment. By the 1830s, when the Chartist move was at its peak in Britain, a truthful and widespread 'workers consciousness' was awakening. In 1838, a Statistical Society of London committee "used the first written questionnaire... The commission prepared and printed a list of questions 'designed to elicit the complete and impartial history of strikes.'"^[ix]

In 1842 the demands for fairer wages and conditions beyond many different industries finally exploded into the first mod general strike. After the second Chartist Petition was presented to Parliament in April 1842 and rejected, the strike began in the coal mines of Staffordshire, England, and soon spread through Britain affecting factories, mills in Lancashire and coal mines from Dundee to Southward Wales and Cornwall.^[10] Instead of being a spontaneous uprising of the mutinous masses, the strike was politically motivated and was driven by an calendar to win concessions. Probably as much as one-half of the then industrial work force were on strike at its peak – over 500,000 men.^{[ citation needed ]} The local leadership marshalled a growing working class tradition to politically organize their followers to mount an articulate challenge to the capitalist, political establishment. Friedrich Engels, an observer in London at the time, wrote:

past its numbers, this class has become the most powerful in England, and woe betide the wealthy Englishmen when information technology becomes witting of this fact ... The English proletarian is only just becoming enlightened of his power, and the fruits of this sensation were the disturbances of last summer. ^[11]

Equally the 19th century progressed, strikes became a fixture of industrial relations across the industrialized world, as workers organized themselves to collectively bargain for better wages and standards with their employers. Karl Marx has condemned the theory of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon criminalizing strike action in his work The Poverty of Philosophy.^[12]

Recognition strikes [edit]

A recognition strike is an industrial strike implemented in order to force a detail employer or industry to recognize a trade union as the legitimate collective bargaining amanuensis for a visitor's workers.^{[13] [14] [15]} In 1949, their use in the United States was described as "a weapon used with varying results by labor for the final forty years or more". 1 example cited was the successful formation of the United Machine Workers.^[sixteen] They were more common prior to the advent of modern American labor constabulary (including the National Labor Relations Act), which introduced processes legally compelling an employer to recognize the legitimacy of properly certified unions.^{[16] [13]} Two examples include the U.S. Steel recognition strike of 1901, and the subsequent coal strike of 1902.^[17] A 1936 study of strikes in the United states indicated that about one third of the full number of strikes between 1927 and 1928, and over 40 per centum in 1929, were due to "demands for matrimony recognition, closed shop, and protest against union discrimination and violation of union agreements".^[18] A 1988 written report of strike action and unionization in non-union municipal police force departments between 1972 and 1978 found that recognition strikes were carried out "primarily where bargaining laws [provided] picayune or no protection of bargaining rights."^[nineteen]

In 1937 there were 4,740 strikes in the U.s.a..^[twenty] This was the greatest strike moving ridge in American labor history. The number of major strikes and lockouts in the U.South. fell by 97% from 381 in 1970 to 187 in 1980 to only xi in 2010. Companies countered the threat of a strike past threatening to close or motion a plant.^{[21] [22]}

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, adopted in 1967, ensures the right to strike in Commodity viii. The European Social Charter, adopted in 1961, also ensures the right to strike in Article half dozen.

The Farah Strike, 1972–1974, labeled the "strike of the century," was organized and led past Mexican American women predominantly in El Paso, Texas.^[23]

Frequency and duration [edit]

Female tailors on strike, New York Urban center, February 1910.

Strikes are rare, in part because many workers are non covered by a collective bargaining agreement.^[24] Strikes that do occur are generally fairly short in elapsing.^[24] Labor economist John Kennan notes:

In Britain in 1926 (the year of the general strike) almost 9 workdays per worker were lost due to strikes. In 1979, the loss due to strikes was a fiddling more than one twenty-four hour period per worker. These are the extreme cases. In the 79 years following 1926, the number of workdays lost in Britain was less than 2 hours per yr per worker. In the U.S., idleness due to strikes never exceeded one half of 1 percent of full working days in whatsoever year during the period 1948-2005; the average loss was 0.1% per twelvemonth. Similarly, in Canada over the period 1980-2005, the almanac number of work days lost due to strikes never exceeded one day per worker; on average over this flow lost worktime due to strikes was about one-third of a day per worker. Although the data are not readily bachelor for a wide sample of developed countries, the blueprint described above seems quite full general: days lost due to strikes amount to just a fraction of a day per worker per annum, on boilerplate, exceeding ane day only in a few exceptional years.^[24]

Since the 1990s, strike actions have generally further declined, a phenomenon that might be attributable to lower data costs (and thus more readily bachelor access to data on economic rents) made possible past computerization.^[24] In the United States, the number of workers involved in major work stoppages (including strikes and, less commonly, lockouts) that involved at to the lowest degree a g workers for at least i full shift generally declined from 1973 to 2022 (coinciding with a full general decrease in overall matrimony membership), before substantially increasing in 2022 and 2019.^[25] In the 2022 and 2022 menses, 3.1% of union members were involved in a work stoppage each year on average, these strikes also contained more workers than ever recorded with an average of twenty,000 workers participating in each major work stoppage in 2022 and 2019. Report: Continued surge in strike activity signals worker dissatisfaction with wage growth, Economic Policy Institute (February 11, 2020).

Variations [edit]

A rally of the trade union UNISON in Oxford during a strike on 28 March 2006.

Most strikes are undertaken by labor unions during collective bargaining as a last resort. The object of collective bargaining is for the employer and the union to come up to an agreement over wages, benefits, and working conditions. A collective bargaining agreement may include a clause (a contractual "no-strike clause") which prohibits the union from striking during the term of the agreement.^[26] Under U.S. labor constabulary, a strike in violation of a no-strike clause is non a protected concerted activity.^[26] The scope of a no-strike clause varies; mostly, the U.Southward. courts and National Labor Relations Board have determined that a collective bargaining understanding'due south no-strike clause has the same telescopic every bit the understanding's mediation clauses, such that "the marriage cannot strike over an arbitrable issue."^[26] The U.S. Supreme Court held in Jacksonville Bulk Terminals Inc. five. International Longshoremen'south Association (1982), a case involving the International Longshoremen'south Association refusing to work with goods for consign to the Soviet Union in protest against its invasion of Afghanistan, that a no-strike clause does not bar unions from refusing to work equally a political protest (since that is not an "arbitrable" issue), although such activity may lead to damages for a secondary boycott.^[26] Whether a no-strike clause applies to sympathy strikes depends on the context.^[26] Some in the labor motion consider no-strike clauses to be an unnecessary detriment to unions in the collective bargaining procedure.^[27]

Occasionally, workers decide to strike without the sanction of a labor union, either because the spousal relationship refuses to endorse such a tactic, or considering the workers concerned are non-unionized. Such strikes are oftentimes described equally unofficial. Strikes without formal wedlock authorization are as well known as wildcat strikes.

In many countries, wildcat strikes do not savour the same legal protections as recognized union strikes, and may result in penalties for the union members who participate or their union. The same often applies in the case of strikes conducted without an official ballot of the union membership, as is required in some countries such equally the United Kingdom.

A strike may consist of workers refusing to nourish piece of work or picketing outside the workplace to prevent or dissuade people from working in their identify or conducting business organisation with their employer. Less frequently workers may occupy the workplace, but reject either to do their jobs or to exit. This is known as a sit-down strike. A like tactic is the work-in, where employees occupy the workplace but notwithstanding continue piece of work, oftentimes without pay, which attempts to show they are even so useful, or that worker cocky-management can be successful. For instance, this occurred with factory occupations in the Biennio Rosso strikes – the "two red years" of Italia from 1919 to 1920.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Some other unconventional tactic is work-to-rule (likewise known every bit an Italian strike, in Italian: Sciopero bianco), in which workers perform their tasks exactly as they are required to but no better. For case, workers might follow all safety regulations in such a way that it impedes their productivity or they might reject to work overtime. Such strikes may in some cases be a form of "fractional strike" or "slowdown".

During the evolution boom of the 1970s in Australia, the Green ban was adult by certain unions described by some as more than socially witting. This is a form of strike action taken by a merchandise union or other organized labor group for environmentalist or conservationist purposes. This developed from the blackness ban, strike action taken confronting a particular job or employer in order to protect the economical interests of the strikers.

United States labor constabulary also draws a distinction, in the case of individual sector employers covered by the National Labor Relations Act, between "economical" and "unfair labor practice" strikes. An employer may not fire, just may permanently supercede, workers who engage in a strike over economical issues. On the other paw, employers who commit unfair labor practices (ULPs) may not replace employees who strike over them, and must fire any strikebreakers they have hired equally replacements in lodge to reinstate the striking workers.

Strikes may be specific to a particular workplace, employer, or unit within a workplace, or they may encompass an entire industry, or every worker within a city or country. Strikes that involve all workers, or a number of large and important groups of workers, in a particular community or region are known equally full general strikes. Under some circumstances, strikes may take place in society to put pressure on the Country or other regime or may be a response to unsafe conditions in the workplace.

A sympathy strike is, in a way, a small scale version of a general strike in which one group of workers refuses to cross a picket line established by another as a ways of supporting the hit workers. Sympathy strikes, once the norm in the construction industry in the United States, have been made much more than difficult to conduct due to decisions of the National Labor Relations Lath permitting employers to establish separate or "reserved" gates for particular trades, making it an unlawful secondary boycott for a union to establish a lookout line at any gate other than the one reserved for the employer information technology is picketing. Sympathy strikes may be undertaken past a union as an orgition or by individual spousal relationship members choosing non to cross a picket line.

A jurisdictional strike in United States labor police refers to a concerted refusal to work undertaken by a marriage to affirm its members' right to item task assignments and to protest the assignment of disputed work to members of some other union or to unorganized workers.

A pupil strike has the students (sometimes supported by kinesthesia) not attending schools. In some cases, the strike is intended to draw media attention to the institution so that the grievances that are causing the students to "strike" can exist aired before the public; this unremarkably damages the establishment's (or regime's) public image. In other cases, especially in regime-supported institutions, the educatee strike can cause a budgetary imbalance and accept actual economic repercussions for the establishment.

A hunger strike is a deliberate refusal to swallow. Hunger strikes are frequently used in prisons every bit a class of political protest. Like student strikes, a hunger strike aims to worsen the public image of the target.

A "sickout", or (particularly past uniformed police officers) "blue influenza", is a type of strike action in which the strikers call in sick. This is used in cases where laws prohibit certain employees from declaring a strike. Police, firefighters, air traffic controllers, and teachers in some U.Southward. states are among the groups unremarkably barred from striking usually past state and federal laws meant to ensure the safety or security of the general public.

Newspaper writers may withhold their names from their stories as a fashion to protest actions of their employer.^[28]

Activists may form " flying squad " groups for strikes or other actions to disrupt the workplace or some other aspect of capitalism: supporting other strikers or unemployed workers, participating in protests against globalization, or opposing abusive landlords.^[29]

Some examples of dissimilar types of strikes include the following. Hunger strike: a strike in which people pass up to swallow until a tragic problem has been attended to. Zealous strike: a strike in which picayune to no piece of work is done, the employees still get to work only do as petty every bit possible. Solidarity strike: a strike in which people strike for others, they aren't experiencing the trouble but they strike to assistance solve the trouble. Strike with pickets: Strikers form a grouping or line in front end of the workplace they are striking against. General strike: A strike in which people with different professions quit working to solve a mutual problem.

Legal prohibitions [edit]

Canada [edit]

On 30 January 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that at that place is a constitutional right to strike.^[30] In this five–2 majority decision, Justice Rosalie Abella ruled that "[a]long with their correct to associate, speak through a bargaining representative of their option, and bargain collectively with their employer through that representative, the correct of employees to strike is vital to protecting the meaningful process of collective bargaining..." [paragraph 24]. This decision adopted the dissent by Main Justice Brian Dickson in a 1987 Supreme Court ruling on a reference case brought by the province of Alberta. The verbal scope of this right to strike remains unclear.^[31] Prior to this Supreme Court decision, the federal and provincial governments had the ability to introduce "dorsum to work legislation", a special law that blocks the strike action (or a lockout) from happening or continuing. Canadian governments could too have imposed binding mediation or a new contract on the disputing parties. Back to piece of work legislation was first used in 1950 during a railway strike, and as of 2012 had been used 33 times by the federal government for those parts of the economy that are regulated federally (grain handling, rail and air travel, and the mail service), and in more cases provincially. In addition, sure parts of the economy tin exist proclaimed "essential services" in which example all strikes are illegal.^[32]

Examples include when the government of Canada passed back to piece of work legislation during the 2011 Canada Mail lockout and the 2012 CP Rails strike, thus effectively catastrophe the strikes. In 2016, the government'southward use of back to work legislation during the 2011 Canada Postal service lockout was ruled unconstitutional, with the guess specifically referencing the Supreme Courtroom of Canada'due south 2022 decision Saskatchewan Federation of Labour v Saskatchewan.^[33]

People's Republic of Mainland china and the former Soviet Wedlock [edit]

Lenin Shipyard workers, Poland, on strike in Baronial 1980, with the name of the state-controlled trade marriage crossed out in protestation

In some Marxist–Leninist states, such as the People'southward Republic of Cathay, hit was illegal and viewed as counter-revolutionary. In 1976, Mainland china signed the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which guaranteed the correct to unions and striking, but Chinese officials declared that they had no interest in assuasive these liberties.^[34] (In June 2008, however, the municipal regime in Shenzhen in southern Cathay introduced typhoon labor regulations, which labor rights advocacy groups say would, if implemented, nigh restore Chinese workers' right to strike.^[35])

In the Soviet Union, strikes occurred throughout the existence of the USSR, most notably in the 1930s. Afterward Earth War II, they macerated both in number and in calibration.^[36] Merchandise unions in the Soviet Union served in part as a means to educate workers about the country's economic system. Vladimir Lenin referred to merchandise unions equally "Schools of Communism".^{[ citations needed ]}

France [edit]

Display of demands during a strike in 2022 at Verisure, a French security visitor.

In French republic, the right to strike is recognized and guaranteed by the Constitution.

A "minimum service" during strikes in public send was a promise of Nicolas Sarkozy during his entrada for the French presidential election. A law "on social dialogue and continuity of public service in regular terrestrial transports of passengers" was adopted on 12 Baronial 2007, and it took issue on one Jan 2008.

This law, among other measures, forces certain categories of public transport workers (such as train and bus drivers) to declare to their employer 48 hours in advance if they intend to go on strike. Should they go on strike without having declared their intention to do so beforehand, they leave themselves open to sanctions.

Unions oppose this police, arguing these 48 hours are used not but to pressure the workers but likewise to go on files on the more militant workers, who will more easily be undermined in their careers by the employers. They also argue this police force prevents the more hesitant workers from making the decision to join the strike the solar day before, once they have been convinced to do then by their colleagues and more particularly the union militants, who maximize their efforts in building the strike (by handing out leaflets, organizing meetings, discussing the demands with their colleagues) in the last few days preceding the strike. This law makes information technology also more hard for the strike to spread rapidly to other workers, as they are required to look at least 48 hours before joining the strike.

This police besides makes it easier for the employers to organize the production as information technology may apply its human resources more effectively, knowing beforehand who is going to be at work and not, thus undermining, admitting not very much, the effects of the strike.

However, this constabulary has not had much effect as strikes in public transport still occur in France, and at times the workers turn down to comply by the rules of this law. The public send industry – public or privately endemic – remains very militant in French republic and keen on taking strike action when their interests are threatened by the employers or the government.

The public send workers in France, in particular the "Cheminots" (employees of the national French railway visitor) are ofttimes seen as the near radical "vanguard" of the French working class. This law has not, in the opinion of many, changed this fact.

Italy [edit]

In Italian republic, the correct to strike is guaranteed by the Constitution (article 40). The law number 146 of 1990 and law number 83 of 2000^[37] regulate the strike actions. In particular, they impose limitations for the strikes of workers in public essential services, i.e., the ones that "guarantee the personality rights of life, wellness, freedom and security, movements, assistance and welfare, instruction, and communications". These limitations provide a minimum guarantee for these services and punish violations. Similar limitations are applied to workers in the private sector whose strike tin bear upon public services. The employer is explicitly forbidden to apply sanctions to employees participating to the strikes, with the exception of the aforementioned essential services cases.

The govern, nether exceptional circumstances, can impose the precettazione of the strike, i.e., can force the postponement, cancellation or duration reduction of a national-broad strike. The prime minister has to justify the decision of applying theprecettazione in front of the parliament. For local strikes, precettazione tin too be applied by a decision of the prefect. The employees refusing to work later on the precettazione takes effect may be subject of a sanction or even a penal action (for a maximum of four years of prison) if the illegal strike causes the suspension of an essential service.

Precettazione has been rarely applied, normally after several days of strikes affecting transport or fuel services or extraordinary events. Recent cases include the cancellation of the 2022 strike of the visitor providing transportation services in Milan during Expo 2015, and the 2007 precettazione to finish the strike of the truck drivers that was causing food and fuel shortage after several days of strike.

United Kingdom [edit]

Legislation was enacted in the aftermath of the 1919 police strikes, forbidding British police from both taking industrial action, and discussing the possibility with colleagues.^[38]

In Jan 1951 during the Labour Attlee ministry, Attorney-General Hartley Shawcross left his proper noun to a Parliamentary principle in a defense of his conduct regarding an illegal strike: that the Attorney-General "is not to be put, and is not put, under pressure by his colleagues in the thing" of whether or non to institute criminal proceedings.^{[39] [40]}

The Industrial Relations Act 1971 was repealed through the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974, sections of which were repealed by the Employment Act 1982.

The Code of Practice on Industrial Activeness Ballots and Notices, and sections 22 and 25 of the Employment Relations Act 2004, which concern industrial activeness notices, commenced on 1 October 2005.

The Police Federation, which was created at the time to deal with employment grievances and to provide representation to constabulary officers, attempted to put pressure on the Blair ministry and at the time repeatedly threatened strike activeness.^[38]

Prison officers have gained and lost the correct to strike over the years; in the 2010s, despite it being illegal, they walked out on fifteen November 2016,^[41] and again on xiv September 2018.^[42]

U.s. [edit]

The Railway Labor Human activity bans strikes by Us airline and railroad employees except in narrowly defined circumstances. The National Labor Relations Act generally permits strikes, but provides a mechanism to enjoin from hit workers in industries in which a strike would create a national emergency. As of 2021^[update], the federal government most recently invoked these statutory provisions to obtain an injunction requiring the International Longshore and Warehouse Matrimony to return to piece of work in 2002 afterwards having been locked out by the employer group, the Pacific Maritime Association.

Some jurisdictions prohibit all strikes by public employees, under laws such as the "Taylor Constabulary" in New York. Other jurisdictions impose strike bans only on certain categories of workers, particularly those regarded as critical to order: police force, teachers and firefighters are among the groups commonly barred from striking in these jurisdictions. Some states, such as New Jersey, Michigan, Iowa or Florida, do not allow teachers in public schools to strike. Workers have sometimes circumvented these restrictions past falsely claiming inability to piece of work due to illness – this is sometimes called a "sickout" or "bluish flu", the latter receiving its name from the uniforms worn by police officers, who are traditionally prohibited from striking. The term "red flu" has sometimes been used to describe this action when undertaken by firefighters.

Often, specific regulations on strike actions exist for employees in prisons. The Code of Federal Regulations declares "encouraging others to refuse to work, or to participate in a work stoppage" by prisoners to be a "High Severity Level Prohibited Deed" and authorizes lone solitude for periods of up to a year for each violation.^[43] The California Code of Regulations states that "[p]articipation in a strike or work stoppage", "[r]efusal to perform work or participate in a program as ordered or assigned", and "[r]ecurring failure to meet piece of work or program expectations within the inmate's abilities when bottom disciplinary methods failed to correct the misconduct" by prisoners is "serious misconduct" nether §3315(a)(3)(L), leading to gang affiliation under CCR §3000.^[44]

Postal workers involved in 1978 wildcat strikes in Jersey City, Kearny, New Jersey, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C. were fired under the presidency of Jimmy Carter, and President Ronald Reagan fired air traffic controllers and the PATCO union after the air traffic controllers' strike of 1981.

The W Virginia instructor's strike in 2022 inspired teachers in other states, including Oklahoma, Colorado, and Arizona, to take similar action.^[45]

Jurisprudence and philosophy [edit]

Strike deportment have as well been discussed from the perspective of jurisprudence and philosophy, with issues beingness raised such equally whether people have a right to strike, the interaction of strikes with other rights, civil lodge, coercion, justice and the interplay between striking and contracts.^{[46] [47] [48] [49] [50]}

Strikebreakers [edit]

Strikebreaking driver and cart being stoned during sanitation worker strike. New York City, 1911.

A strikebreaker (sometimes derogatorily called a scab, blackleg, or knobstick) is a person who works despite an ongoing strike. Strikebreakers are commonly individuals who are not employed by the company prior to the trade matrimony dispute, but rather hired after or during the strike to keep the organization running. "Strikebreakers" may also refer to workers (wedlock members or not) who cross sentinel lines to work.

Irwin, Jones, McGovern (2008)^{[ full citation needed ]} believe that the term "scab" is part of a larger metaphor involving strikes. They contend that the spotter line is symbolic of a wound and those who intermission its borders to return to work are the scabs who bond that wound. Others take argued that the word is not a part of a larger metaphor only, rather, was an old-fashioned English insult whose pregnant narrowed over time.

"Blackleg" is an older word and is found in the 19th-century folk song "Blackleg Miner" which originated in Northumberland. The term does non necessarily owe its origins to this tune of unknown origin.

Union strikebreaking [edit]

The concept of union strikebreaking or union scabbing refers to any circumstance in which union workers themselves cross sentinel lines to piece of work.

Unionized workers are sometimes required to cross the picket lines established by other unions due to their organizations having signed contracts which include no-strike clauses. The no-strike clause typically requires that members of the marriage non bear whatsoever strike activity for the elapsing of the contract; such actions are called sympathy or secondary strikes. Members who honor the picket line in spite of the contract frequently face discipline, for their action may be viewed as a violation of provisions of the contract. Therefore, whatever union conducting a strike action typically seeks to include a provision of amnesty for all who honored the picket line in the understanding that settles the strike. No-strike clauses may likewise prevent unionized workers from engaging in solidarity actions for other workers even when no scout line is crossed. For example, hitting workers in manufacturing or mining produce a product which must be transported. In a situation where the manufactory or mine owners have replaced the strikers, unionized transport workers may experience inclined to refuse to booty any product that is produced by strikebreakers, yet their own contract obligates them to practise and then.

Historically the exercise of wedlock strikebreaking has been a contentious issue in the marriage movement, and a point of contention betwixt adherents of different union philosophies. For example, supporters of industrial unions, which take sought to organize entire workplaces without regard to individual skills, have criticized arts and crafts unions for organizing workplaces into divide unions according to skill, a circumstance that makes union strikebreaking more mutual. Spousal relationship strikebreaking is not unique to arts and crafts unions.

Anti-strike activity [edit]

Most strikes chosen by unions are somewhat anticipated; they typically occur after the contract has expired. However, not all strikes are called past union organizations – some strikes have been called in an effort to pressure employers to recognize unions. Other strikes may be spontaneous actions by working people. Spontaneous strikes are sometimes called "wildcat strikes"; they were the primal fighting signal in May 1968 in France; most commonly, they are responses to serious (oft life-threatening) safety hazards in the workplace rather than wage or 60 minutes disputes, etc.

Any the cause of the strike, employers are generally motivated to take measures to prevent them, mitigate the impact, or to undermine strikes when they do occur.

To bring public attention, a giant inflatable rat (named 'Scabby') is used in the U.S. at the site of a labor dispute. The rat represents strike-breaking replacement workers, otherwise known every bit 'scabs'.

Strike preparation [edit]

Companies which produce products for auction will frequently increase inventories prior to a strike. Salaried employees may be called upon to have the place of strikers, which may entail advance training. If the visitor has multiple locations, personnel may exist redeployed to come across the needs of reduced staff. Companies may likewise take out strike insurance, to help offset the losses which a strike would cause.

When established unions commence strike action, some companies may decline entirely to negotiate with the marriage, and respond to the strike by hiring replacement workers. For strikers, this may be concerning for multiple reasons. For instance, they may fear that the strike will be lost. The length of time that the strike may last could cause many workers to cease hitting, which would likely cause it to fail. They may also be concerned that they will lose their jobs entirely. Companies that hire strikebreakers typically utilise these concerns to try to convince union members to abandon the strike and cantankerous the marriage'due south picket line. Unions faced with a strikebreaking situation may endeavor to inhibit the use of strikebreakers past a multifariousness of methods – establishing watch lines where strikebreakers enter the workplace; discouraging strike breakers from taking, or from keeping, strikebreaking jobs; raising the cost of hiring strikebreakers for the company; or employing public relations tactics. Companies may respond by increasing security forces and seeking court injunctions.

Examining conditions in the tardily 1990s, John Logan^{[ who? ]} observed that union busting agencies helped to "transform economic strikes into a near suicidal tactic for United states unions". Logan further observed, "as strike rates in the United States have plummeted to celebrated low levels, the demand for strike direction firms has likewise declined."^[51]

In the USA, as established in the National Labor Relations Human activity in that location is a legally protected correct for individual sector employees to strike to proceeds ameliorate wages, benefits, or working weather condition and they cannot be fired. Striking for economic reasons (like protesting workplace conditions or supporting a union's bargaining demands) allows an employer to hire permanent replacements. The replacement worker can continue in the job and and so the striking worker must wait for a vacancy. Simply if the strike is due to unfair labor practices, the strikers replaced can need immediate reinstatement when the strike ends. If a commonage bargaining understanding is in upshot, and information technology contains a "no-strike clause", a strike during the life of the contract could event in the firing of all hitting employees which could result in dissolution of that marriage. Although this is legal it could be viewed as union busting.

Strike breaking [edit]

Some companies negotiate with the marriage during a strike; other companies may run into a strike as an opportunity to eliminate the marriage. This is sometimes accomplished by the importation of replacement workers, strikebreakers or "scabs". Historically, strike breaking has ofttimes coincided with union busting. It was likewise chosen 'blackness legging' in the early twentieth century, during the Russian socialist movement.^[52]

Union busting [edit]

One method of inhibiting or ending a strike is firing marriage members who are striking which can issue in elimination of the union. Although this has happened, information technology is rare due to laws regarding firing and "right to strike" having a wide range of differences in the US depending on whether spousal relationship members are public or individual sector. Laws besides vary country to country. In the Britain, "It is important to sympathize that at that place is no right to strike in Britain law."^[53] Employees who strike risk dismissal, unless it is an official strike (i chosen or endorsed past their spousal relationship) in which case they are protected from unlawful dismissal, and cannot exist fired for at to the lowest degree 12 weeks. U.k. laws regarding piece of work stoppages and strikes are defined within the Employment Relations Human action 1999 and the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992.

A pregnant case of mass-dismissals in the Uk in 2005 involved the sacking of over 600 Gate Gourmet employees at Heathrow Airport.^[54] The sacking prompted a walkout by British Airways basis staff leading to cancelled flights and thousands of delayed passengers. The walkout was illegal under United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland law and the T&GWU quickly brought information technology to an stop. A subsequent courtroom instance ruled that demonstrations on a grass verge approaching the Gate Gourmet premises were not illegal, only express the number and fabricated the T&Grand responsible for their activity.^[55]

In 1962, U.s.a. President John F. Kennedy issued Executive Order #10988^[56] which permitted federal employees to course trade unions just prohibited strikes (codified in 1966 at 5 UsC. 7311 – Loyalty and Striking). In 1981, after public sector marriage PATCO (Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization) went on strike illegally, President Ronald Reagan fired all of the controllers. His activeness resulted in the dissolution of the union. PATCO reformed to become the National Air Traffic Controllers Association.

Victims of a clash between striking workers and the army in Prostějov, Austro-hungarian empire, Apr 1917

In the U.South., as established in the National Labor Relations Act there is a legally protected correct for private sector employees to strike to gain better wages, benefits, or working conditions and they cannot be fired. Striking for economical reasons (i.east., protesting workplace conditions or supporting a matrimony'south bargaining demands) allows an employer to hire permanent replacements. The replacement worker can continue in the job and then the hit worker must look for a vacancy. Simply if the strike is due to unfair labor practices (ULP), the strikers replaced can demand immediate reinstatement when the strike ends. If a collective bargaining agreement is in effect, and it contains a "no-strike clause", a strike during the life of the contract could issue in the firing of all striking employees which could result in dissolution of that wedlock.

Amazon has used the Law firm Wilmerhale to legally stop worker strikes at its locations.^{[ citation needed ]}

Lockout [edit]

Some other counter to a strike is a lockout, a form of work stoppage in which an employer refuses to let employees to work. Two of the three employers involved in the Caravan park grocery workers strike of 2003–2004 locked out their employees in response to a strike against the tertiary member of the employer bargaining group. Lockouts are, with certain exceptions, lawful under U.s.a. labor law.

Violence [edit]

Historically, some employers have attempted to interruption marriage strikes by force. Ane of the most famous examples of this occurred during the Homestead Strike of 1892. Industrialist Henry Dirt Frick sent private security agents from the Pinkerton National Detective Agency to break the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers strike at a Homestead, Pennsylvania steel mill. Two strikers were killed, twelve wounded, along with ii Pinkertons killed and 11 wounded. In the aftermath, Frick was shot in the cervix and then stabbed by Alexander Berkman, surviving the set on, while Berkman was sentenced to 22 years in prison.

Films [edit]

Non-fiction [edit]

• Last Offering – A look at the 1984 contract negotiations betwixt General Motors and its marriage.
• Harlan County, USA, Director: Barbara Kopple, USA 1976–A documentary motion-picture show about a very long and bitter strike of coal miners in Kentucky
• American Dream, Director: Barbara Kopple, USA 1990 – A documentary film most the unsuccessful 1985–1986 meatpacker's strike confronting Hormel Foods in Austin, Minnesota.
• Jimmy Hoffa, a labor union leader who ran the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) matrimony from 1958 until 1971, was portrayed by Robert Blake in the 1983 Television set-film Claret Feud, Trey Wilson in the 1985 goggle box miniseries Robert Kennedy & His Times, and past Jack Nicholson in the 1992 biographical flick Hoffa.
• Newsies, a Disney flick based on the Newsboys' Strike of 1899 directed by Kenny Ortega and music composed by Alan Menken.
• Bastard Boys, A miniseries based on the 1998 Australian waterfront dispute.
• Made in Dagenham, A film nigh the strike by female employees at the Ford Motor visitor in the Great britain.
• The Great Grunwick Strike 1976-1978 Managing director: Chris Thomas, Brent Trades Union Quango (2007 film)

Fiction [edit]

• Statschka ("Strike"), Director: Sergei Eisenstein, Soviet Matrimony 1924
• Brüder ("Blood brother"), Director: Werner Hochbaum, Germany 1929–On the general strike in the port of Hamburg, Federal republic of germany in 1896/97
• The Stars Look Down, Director: Carol Reed, England 1939 – Film nearly a strike over safety standards at a coal mine in N-Eastward England – based on the Cronin novel
• The Grapes of Wrath a 1940 film by John Ford includes description of migrant workers striking, and its fierce breaking past employers, assisted by the police force. Based on the novel by John Steinbeck.
• Salt of the Earth, Director: Herbert J. Biberman, U.s. 1953–Fictionalized account of an actual zinc-miners' strike in Silvery City, New United mexican states, in which women took over the picket line to circumvent an injunction barring "striking miners" from company property. The striking women were largely played by real members of the strike, and one woman was deported to United mexican states while filming. The matrimony organizer Clinton Jencks (from Jencks v. United States fame) also participated.
• The Molly Maguires, Director: Martin Ritt, 1970 flick starring Sean Connery and Richard Harris. Frustrated by the failure of strike action to achieve their industrial objectives, a hole-and-corner social club amid Pennsylvania coal miners sabotages the mine with explosives to attempt to get what their industrial activeness failed to obtain. A Pinkerton agent infiltrates them.
• F.I.Due south.T., Director: Norman Jewison, 1978 – loosely based on the Teamsters spousal relationship and old president Jimmy Hoffa.
• Norma Rae, Director: Martin Ritt, 1979.
• Matewan, Director: John Sayles, 1987 – critically acclaimed account of a coal mine-workers' strike and attempt to unionize in 1920 in Matewan, a small boondocks in the hills of Due west Virginia.
• Made in Dagenham, 2010 – based on the strike at Fords institute in Dagenham, England, UK, which won equal pay for female person workers.

Other uses [edit]

• Sometimes, "to proceed strike" is used figuratively for machinery or equipment not working due to malfunction, e.g. "My computer'south on strike".

Meet as well [edit]

• 1891 Australian shearers' strike
• Collective bargaining
• Decent piece of work
• Demonstration (political)
• Earth Strike
• Fare strike
• General strike
• International comparisons of labor unions
• Labor police force
• Labor rights
• List of strikes
• Living wage
• Minimum wage
• Occupation of factories
• Occupational safe and health
• Seattle Full general Strike of 1919
• Sitdown strike
• Sitting on a human
• Stay away
• Strike in People's republic of bangladesh
• Syndicalism
• The Burke Group
• Union Organizer
• Wildcat strike action
• Piece of work-to-dominion
• Workplace commonwealth

References [edit]

1. ^ Aleksander Smolar, "Towards 'Self-limiting Revolution': Poland 1970–89", in Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash (eds.), Ceremonious Resistance and Power Politics: The Feel of Not-trigger-happy Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 127–43. This book contains accounts on certain other strike movements in other countries effectually the earth aimed at overthrowing a authorities or a foreign military presence.
2. ^ "Hyperhistory.org". www.hyperhistory.org.
3. ^ "A body of sailors..proceeded..to Sunderland.., and at the cross at that place read a paper, setting forth their grievances... Later on this they went on lath the several ships in that harbour, and struck (lowered down) their yards, in order to forbid them from proceeding to sea." (Ann. Reg. 92, 1768), quoted in Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., due south.v. "strike, five.," sense 17; meet also sense 24.
4. ^ Worrall, Simon (one September 2014). "Were Mod Ideas—and the American Revolution—Built-in on Ships at Sea?". National Geographic. National Geographic Lodge. Archived from the original on 31 Baronial 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
5. ^ François Daumas, (1969). Ägyptische Kultur im Zeitalter der Pharaonen, pp. 309. Knaur Verlag, Munich
6. ^ John Romer, Aboriginal Lives; the story of the Pharaoh's Tombmakers. London: Phoenix Press, 1984, pp. 116–123 Run across also E.F. Wente, "A letter of the alphabet of complaint to the Vizier To", in Periodical of Virtually Eastern Studies, 20, 1961 and Westward.F. Edgerton, "The strikes in Ramses III'south Twenty-9th year", Journal of Virtually Eastern Studies, ten, 1951.
7. ^ Talmud Yoma 38a
8. ^ ^{a b} H.G. Wells, Outline of History, Waverly Book Visitor, 1920, page 225
9. ^ Gault, Robert (1907). "A History of the Questionnaire Method of Enquiry in Psychology". The Pedagogical Seminary. 14 (3): 366–383. doi:10.1080/08919402.1907.10532551.
10. ^ Mather, F.C. (1974). "The Full general Strike of 1842: A Study in Leadership, Organisation and the Threat of Revolution during the Plug Plot Disturbance". In Quinault, R.; Stevenson, J. (eds.). Popular Protest and Public Club: Six Studies in British History, 1790–1920. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. pp. 115–140. doi:10.4324/9781003186892-three. ISBN9781003186892. S2CID 242636272.
11. ^ "Camatte: Origin and Function of the Party Grade". www.marxists.org.
12. ^ The Poverty of Philosophy, Part II, Section five
13. ^ ^{a b} "Recognition Strike Constabulary and Legal Definition". definitions.uslegal.com.
14. ^ Adavbiele, J. A. (xvi April 2015). "Implications of Ceaseless Strike Actions on the Implementation of Technical Education Programme in Nigeria". Journal of Education and Practice. 6 (viii): 134–138. S2CID 167107092.
15. ^ William R. Adams (1990). A Manager's Guide to Labor Relations Terminology. Adams, Nash & Haskell. p. 60.
16. ^ ^{a b} Arensberg, Charles C. (1948–1949). "The Main Strike for Recognition". University of Pittsburgh Law Review. x: 137.
17. ^ "The Bully Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902". Archived from the original on 21 June 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
18. ^ Peterson, Florence (16 Apr 1938). Strikes in the The states, 1880-1936. U.S. Regime Printing Role. p. 60. ISBN9780403011483 – via Google Books.
19. ^ Ichniowski, Casey (1 June 1988). "Police recognition strikes: Illegal and ill-fated". Journal of Labor Enquiry. ix (2): 183–197. doi:10.1007/BF02685240. S2CID 54211734.
20. ^ "Abbreviated Timeline of the Modern Labor Motility Archived 29 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine ", Academy of Wisconsin-La Crosse
21. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 (2011) p 428 table 663" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 Oct 2011.
22. ^ Aaron Brenner; et al. (2011). The Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History. M.Due east. Sharpe. pp. 234–35. ISBN9780765626455.
23. ^ "The Best of the Texas Century—Business". Texas Monthly. 20 January 2013. Retrieved vii December 2018.
24. ^ ^{a b c d} John Kennan, Strikes, National Bureau of Economic Research.
25. ^ Heidi Shierholz & Margaret Poydock, Study: Connected surge in strike action signals worker dissatisfaction with wage growth, Economical Policy Institute (February 11, 2020).
26. ^ ^{a b c d e} Bruce S. Feldacker & Michael J. Hayes (2014). Labor Guide to Labor Law. Cornell University Press. pp. 231, 244–46.
27. ^ "No-Strike Clauses Concord Back Unions – Labor Notes". labornotes.org. thirteen December 2011.
28. ^ "A notation from the editor – Twin Cities". 16 July 2009.
29. ^ Levant, Alex. "Flight Squads and the Crunch of Workers' Cocky-Organisation". New Socialist (40). ISSN 1488-2698. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
30. ^ Saskatchewan Federation of Labour five Saskatchewan, 2022 SCC four
31. ^ Ha-Redeye, Omar (1 February 2015). "Finding More "Significant" in the Futurity of Labour Police – Slaw". Retrieved 3 July 2019.
32. ^ "FAQ: Back-to-piece of work legislation".
33. ^ "CanLII Connects". canliiconnects.org.
34. ^ "All the same waiting for Nike to do it," by Tim Connor, page 70.
35. ^ 'Manufactory to the earth will soon get the correct to strike', by Venkatesan Vembu, Daily News and Assay, 26 June 2008.
36. ^ Orlov Five.N., Bogdanov S.V. "КОЛЛЕКТИВНЫЕ ТРУДОВЫЕ КОНФЛИКТЫ В СССР В 1930-1950-х гг.: ПРИЧИНЫ ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ, ФОРМЫ ПРОТЕКАНИЯ, СПОСОБЫ РАЗРЕШЕНИЯ" [COLLECTIVE LABOR CONFLICTS IN THE USSR IN 1930-1950s: REASONS OF OCCURRENCE, FORMS, Ways OF RESOLUTION] (in Russian). {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
37. ^ "Legge 11 Aprile 2000, n. 83". Gazzetta Ufficiale.
38. ^ ^{a b} "Police in strike activeness threat". BBC News. 28 July 2007.
39. ^ Shawcross, Hartley (29 January 1951). "Prosecutions (Attorney-General'due south Responsibleness)". Hansard. House of Commons Debates (c681).
40. ^ Heintzman, Ralph (xvi May 2020). "The real meaning of the SNC-Lavalin affair". The Globe and Mail Inc.
41. ^ "Prison house officers stage unofficial walkout on day of public sector action". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
42. ^ "Prison house staff strike ended subsequently wedlock'southward 'effective dialogue' with minister". Heaven News.
43. ^ 28 CFR 541.3
44. ^ California Code of Regulations §3000, Gang means any … formal or informal organization, association or group of 3 or more persons which has a mutual name or identifying sign or symbol whose members and/or associates, individually or collectively, engage or have engaged, on behalf of that arrangement, association or group, in two or more acts which include, … acts of misconduct classified as serious pursuant to section 3315.
45. ^ "Inspired past West Virginia Strike, Teachers in Oklahoma and Kentucky Plan Walk Out". KTLA. ii April 2018.
46. ^ Leyton-García, Jorge-Andrés (2017). "The right to strike as a fundamental human right: recognition and limitations in international police force". Revista chilena de derecho. 44 (3): 781–804. doi:10.4067/S0718-34372017000300781.
47. ^ Utz, Arthur F. (1987). "Is the Correct to Strike a Human Right?". Washington University Constabulary Review Quarterly. 65: 732–757.
48. ^ Weinrib, Laura (2018). "The correct to work and the correct to strike". Academy of Chicago Legal Forum. 2017: 513–536.
49. ^ Gourevitch, Alex (2018). "The Correct to Strike: A Radical View". American Political Science Review. 112 (4): 905–917. doi:x.1017/S0003055418000321. S2CID 85458964.
50. ^ Jennings, Karen; Western, Glenda (1997). "A Right to Strike?". Nursing Ethics. 4 (four): 277–282. doi:10.1177/096973309700400403. PMID 9305123. S2CID 40163210.
51. ^ "The Spousal relationship Avoidance Industry in the United states", British Journal of Industrial Relations, John Logan, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Dec 2006, pp. 651–675.
52. ^ Arthur Koestler, Darkness at Noon, p. 60.
53. ^ Taylor, Byron. "What is the right to strike?". LabourList . Retrieved 29 March 2021.
54. ^ [Workers Worldwide Back Their Heathrow Colleagues], "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 April 2013. Retrieved ten Jan 2012. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
55. ^ [BBC News 21 August 2005], https://news.bbc.co.u.k./2/hi/business/4168084.stm
56. ^ [Executive Order 10988], http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=58926#axzz1iul5EQQB

Farther reading [edit]

• Norwood, Stephen H. Strikebreaking and Intimidation. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8078-2705-3
• Montgomery, David. "Strikes in Nineteenth-Century America," Social Science History (1980) 4#1 pp. 81–104 in JSTOR, includes some comparative data
• Silver, Beverly J. Forces of Labor: Workers' Movements and Globalization Since 1870. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-521-52077-0

External links [edit]

• Labor Motion at Curlie
• News and histories of strikes from around the world
• "Blackness Workers and the Labor Movement: Toward a Prototype of Unity in Afro-American Studies." Intro to Afro-American Studies. eBlackStudies.com. Archived 8 October 2022 at the Wayback Car
• Labour Law Contour: Republic of ireland
• Strike! Famous Worker Uprisings Archived 18 Feb 2011 at the Wayback Automobile – slideshow by Life

gorealoyard.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action

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